Wirkortäquilibration, Anschlagzeit, "time to peak effect": Bedeutung pharmakokinetisch-dynamischer Prinzipien für die tägliche klinische Praxis

Zusammenfassung: In der anästhesiologischen Pharmakologie spielen im Gegensatz zur internistischen Pharmakologie "Non-steady-state-Phänomene" eine herausragende Rolle. Ihr Verständnis ist eine Conditio sine qua non für die sichere und effiziente Applikation von anästhesierelevanten Medikamenten. Insbesondere die Verfügbarkeit der "optimierten target controlled infusion" ("optimized TCI"), von TCI-Systemen mit Ansteuerung des Effektkompartiments und dem relativ geringen Dosierungsspielraum bei "conscious sedation" unter erhaltener Spontanatmung verlangen von Anästhesisten, sich mit dem Konzept des Konzentrationsverlaufes am Wirkort auseinander zu setzen. Der Leser wird in die grundlegende Problematik eingeführt. Anwendungen der Prinzipien bei der Applikation von Muskelrelaxanzien, Propofol mit TCI-Systemen, volatilen Anästhetika und Opiaten werden erläuter

Photosynthetic planulae and planktonic hydroids: contrasting strategies of propagule survival

Settlement delays can be important to prevent propagule waste when proper settling substrates are not immediately available. Under laboratory conditions, the planulae of Clytia viridicans underwent two alternative developmental patterns. Some settled on the bottom, forming a hydranth-gonotheca complex that produced up to four medusae and later either degenerated or gave rise to a hydroid colony. Other planulae settled right below the air-water interface, forming floating colonies that eventually fell to the bottom and settled. Halecium nanum released planulae with a rich population of symbiotic zooxanthellae that survived into a rearing jar for three months. After a long period of apparent quiescence (possibly fuelled by photosynthetic activities of zooxanthellae) the planulae produced new colonies. Both photosynthetic planulae and settlement at the interface air-water allow a delay in the passage from a planktonic to a fully functional benthic life

Hidromedusas profundas del Mediterráneo: Un estudio que incluye la descripción de dos nuevas especies recolectadas en cañones submarinos del Mediterráneo Occidental

Two new species of hydromedusae (Foersteria antoniae and Cunina simplex) are described from plankton collected in sediment traps placed in the Lacaze-Duthiers Submarine Canyon and along Banyuls-sur-Mer coast (northwestern Mediterranean). The Mediterranean hydromedusan deep-water fauna contains 41 species which represent 45.5 % of the world-wide deep-sea hydromedusae fauna (90) and 20% of the total number of Mediterranean hydromedusae (204). The Mediterranean deep-water hydromedusan fauna is characterised by a large percentage of holoplanktonic species (61%), mainly Trachymedusae. Nevertheless, contrary to the general opinion, the percentage of meroplanktonic species is equally high. The most original features of this fauna lies however in the importance of the number of endemic species (22%) and in the fact that the majority of them are meroplanktonic Leptomedusae with a supposed bathybenthic stage. Some of the endemic species could still represent relics of the primitive Tethys fauna having survived to the Messinian crisis. The origin of the Mediterranean deep-water hydromedusan fauna is discussed and a general hypothesis is proposed.Se describen dos especies nuevas a partir de ejemplares recolectados mediante trampas de sedimento del cañón submarino de Lacaze-Duthiers situado en frente de la costa de Banyuls-sur-Mer (Mediterráneo noroccidental). La fauna profunda de hydromedusas en el Mediterráneo contiene 41 especies que representan 45.5 % de la fauna mundial del grupo y el 20% de la fauna de hydromedusas del Mediterráneo. La fauna Mediterránea de hydromedusas profundas se caracteriza por un gran porcentaje de especies holoplanctónicas (61%), fundamentalmente Trachymedusas, sin embargo, contrario a la opinión generalizada, el porcentaje de especies meroplanctónicas es igualmente importante (39%). La característica más interesante de esta fauna es el número de especies endémicas (22%) y el hecho de que la mayoría de estas especies son meroplanctónicas (Leptomedusas) con una supuesta fase bentónica. Algunas de estas especies endémicas, podrían ser especies relictas (endémica insular) de la fauna primitiva del Tetis que sobrevivieron a la crisis Mesiniana. Se discute el origen de la fauna de hydromedusas profundas en el Mediterráneo y se presenta una nueva hipótesis

Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)

The behavioural patterns of 26 species of Antho- and Leptomedusae (with or without medusa stage) were investigated by video recordings. The analysed activities were: answers to mechanical stimuli, prey capture and ingestion, digestion, egestion, and swimming. The quantity of behavioural patterns identified in the small number of hydrozoan diversity studied so far is sufficient to demonstrate that these supposedly "simple" animals have evolved a complex array of responses to both external and internal stimuli

Pénétrance de l'effet de stérilité totale lié au gène sans cornes p, chez les boucs

International audienc

Surprolificité des génotypes sans cornes dans les races caprines alpine saanen, alpine chamoisée et poitevine

International audienc

Distinction phénotypique des caprins homo-et hétérozygotes sans cornes

International audienc

Hundreds of genetic barcodes of the species-rich hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) provide a guide toward more reliable taxonomy

Marine hydroids are important benthic components of shallow and deep waters worldwide, but their taxonomy is controversial because diagnostic morphological characters to categorize taxa are limited. Their genetic relationships are also little investigated. We tested taxonomic hypotheses within the highly speciose superfamily Plumularioidea by integrating a classical morphological approach with DNA barcoding of the 16S and COI mitochondrial markers for 659 and 196 specimens of Plumularioidea, respectively. Adding Genbank sequences, we inferred systematic relationships among 1,114 plumularioids, corresponding to 123 nominal species and 17 novel morphospecies in five families of Plumularioidea. We found considerable inconsistencies in the systematics of nominal families, genera and species. The families Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae were polyphyletic and the Halopterididae paraphyletic. Most genera of Plumularioidea are not monophyletic. Species diversity is considerably underestimated. Within our study, at least 10% of the morphologically-distinctive morphospecies are undescribed, and about 40% of the overall species richness is represented by cryptic species. Convergent evolution and morphological plasticity therefore blur systematic relationships. Additionally, cryptic taxa occur frequently in sympatry or parapatry, complicating correspondence with type material of described species. Sometimes conspecificity of different morphotypes was found. The taxonomy of hydroids requires continued comprehensive revision.This work relied on several hydrozoan samples collected from various sites, with the aid of many people. Supplementary Table S1 refers many of the people involved in the collection and/or preservation of the samples. C.J.M. acknowledges his great buddy-divers Jaime N.-Ruiz (CIMAR, Univ. Costa Rica), Axel Calderon, Nathaniel Chu, Eleni Petrou (STRI, Smiths. Inst.), Hanae Spathias, Karen Koltes (at the Belize station, Smith. Inst.), Freya Sommer (Hopkins Marine Station), Remilson Ferreira ('Costa Norte', Sao Tome), Frederico Cardigos (DOP, Univ. Azores) and others that assisted the dives. C.J.M. also acknowledges Rita Castillo (CIMAR, Univ. Costa Rica), Plinio Gondola, Ligia Calderon, Laura Geyer, Maria Castillo (STRI, Smiths. Inst.), Gregory Ruiz (SERC, Smiths. Inst.), Paul Greenhall, William Keel (MSC, Smith. Inst.), Manuel Enes, Valentina Matos (IMAR/DOP, Univ. Azores), Filipe Porteiro, Joao Goncalves (OKEANOS/IMAR, Univ. Azores), Marina Cunha, Ascensao Ravara (CESAM, Univ. Aveiro), Shirley Pomponi (Harbor Branch, Florida Atlantic Univ.), Estrela Matilde (Fundacao Principe Trust), Monica Albuquerque, Ines Tojeira (EMEPC), Diana Carvalho (Nat. Mus. Nat. Hist., Lisbon) and many others colleagues that facilitated the morphologic classifications and deposition of the samples. Peter Schuchert (Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Geneve) kindly provided some DNA extractes. Todd Kincaid and his team of GUE divers (Project Baseline - Azores) collected valuable samples from unusual depths. Joana Boavida (CIIMAR, Univ. Algarve) facilitated some samples of the 'DeepReefs' project. Jim Drewery (Marine Scotland Science Inst.) also provided few samples. Dale Calder (Royal Ontario Museum) provided some bibliography to C.J.M. and discussed/resolved some dubios taxonomic classifications. Colleagues at the L.A.B. (NMNH, Smith. Inst.) were very supportive. The APC fees for open access publication were supported by a program of the Regional Government of the Azores ("Apoio ao funcionamento e gestao dos centros de I&D regionais: 2018 - DRCT-medida 1